Thus, the Mandate system has had an enduring impact on the shape of the modern Middle East. By the nineteenth century Austria and Hungary had joined in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and extended their control into the Balkan states, formerly held by the Ottomans. By the late seventeenth century. Egypt and Iran had also developed some of the characteristics of modern nations: they had a system in place to collect taxes and use those taxes to pursue projects for the good of the nation, such as building roads and sewer systems; they had built legal and educational systems; they had functioning economies; and they had political representatives (though these were not elected representatives, as in much of the West). The colonies of Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), Transjordan (parts of Jordan and Saudi Arabia), and Palestine came until British control, while Syria and Lebanon went to the French. balfour declaration (1917); The continuing collapse of the Ottoman Empire began to pose a real problem for the European powers, especially Britain, France, Russia, and the increasingly powerful Germany. European ships sailed to many places and European traders sought to develop contacts and open markets in regions throughout the world. Regardless of the peace that was made, the long military clash between these two Muslim powers contributed greatly to the continuing distrust and animosity that exists between Sunni and Shiite Muslims. Class C mandates consisted of various former German-held territories that mandatories subsequently administered as integral parts of their territory: South West Africa (now Namibia, assigned to South Africa), New Guinea (assigned to Australia), Western Samoa (now Samoa, assigned to New Zealand), the islands north of the Equator in the western Pacific (Japan), and Nauru (Australia, with Britain and New Zealand). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Germans wanted to extend their power into the Middle East, and they believed they could do so by supporting the Ottomans. While Britain claimed some ties to the region, it held little real power or influence in the region. New York: Scribner, 1995. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Under this system, the victors of World War I were given responsibility for governing former German and Ottoman territories as mandates from the League. Many local Egyptian governors contended for power with Ottoman military chiefs. (April 27, 2023). hide caption, From left, British Prime Minister Lloyd George, Italy's Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, France's Georges Clemenceau and President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris peace conference in 1919 at the end of World War I. Although few would have predicted it in the early 1920s, all of the Class A mandates achieved independence as provided under the conditions of the mandates. The mandate system affect the Middle East Mandate system is the League of nations pigeonholed the previous German and Ottoman regions based on whence available they were to rule themselves. Muhammad, not just the descendants of Muhammad, could be elected as leader of the Islamic religion) Ottoman Empire, the Persian shah held both religious and political power. The mandates were intended to be a middle ground between complete dependence and independence. These territories were considered sufficiently advanced that their provisional independence was recognized, though they were still subject to Allied administrative control until they were fully able to stand alone. 4th ed. Class B and C nations in Africa and the South Pacific .
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