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Reviewed by Michelle Quirk. The Psychology of Selfdefense: SelfAffirmation Theory Some studies have observed increases in self-esteem following self-affirmation,[27] whereas other have found no effect on self-esteem. 144 RAT items have been normed for difficulty [17], and pilot testing indicated that our undergraduate sample population can solve all easy RAT items. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Threats and afrmations arise from the self's fundamental motive: to be morally and adaptively adequate, good and efcacious. The ethnic composition of the sample was predominantly Caucasian (55%), followed by Asian-American (16.5%), Other (12%), African-American (9.5%), mixed-race (5.5%), and Latino/Hispanic (1.5%). Heart rate was included because it is a useful indirect marker for task engagement [24], [25], which may be affected by our self-affirmation manipulation. (We note that the problem-solving task we used produced significant cardiovascular stress reactivity (see Figures 2 & 3), comparable to other well-known psychosocial stress-challenge tasks [35].) 2009 Nov;97(5):745-64. doi: 10.1037/a0015451. 'D7%XD G@^0e^e^`6o?a_? Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, Affiliation: (1989). Moreover, as depicted in Figure 1, this stress buffering effect of self-affirmation improved the problem-solving performance of high stress individuals to a level comparable to individuals low in stress. 21, pp. Threats against a person's self-integrity are events or messages that imply an individual is not good or adequate in a personally relevant domain. In social, 1 to many Americans reevaluating the kind of country they thought they lived in. . In times of conflict, here's how to not add fuel to the fire. Participants who did not complete the self-affirmation condition demonstrated increased catecholamine response from baseline to their midterm exam. In virtually all cultures and historical periods, there are socially shared conceptions of what it means to be a person of self-integrity. Bookshelf [20], Individualist and collectivist cultures place different levels of importance on belonging to in-groups, and it is thought that this may vary the effects of self-affirmation. x2j "6g7U{;"$cdZ99@PpKq}h1m'Wa'2XVm8]Z Yk